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Understanding Carbon Monoxide(CO):Pollution, Health Impacts,Safety Limits And Industrial Solutions.

Blog Banner explaining carbon monoxide (CO) pollution, health impacts, safety limits, and industrial solutions.

Understanding Carbon Monoxide(CO): Pollution, Health Impacts, Safety Limits And Industrial Solutions.

Pollution, especially industrial pollution, is increasing day by day, and the air quality is decreasing as a result. When we talk about air pollution, there are various pollutants like CO2, SO2, and VOC among them. CO, or carbon monoxide,(CO Pollution) is one of them. In this article, we will look into carbon monoxide, its impact on the industrial work environment, health impacts, safety limits, and the solutions required to limit exposure for industry.

What is carbon monoxide (CO)?- CO Pollution

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is slightly less dense than air and is soluble in water. 

How Carbon Monoxide is Generated:

Carbon monoxide (CO) generated by natural gas, wood, or gasoline is burned incompletely.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sources:

Natural Sources:

Natural sources of carbon monoxide include the following:

  • Volcanoes
  • Natural Gas
  • Forest Fires
  • Lighting

Man-made sources

Man-made or artificial sources of carbon monoxide (CO) are as follows:

  • Vehicle Emissions
  • Barbeques
  • Wood stoves
  • Gas and water heaters
  • Gas stoves
  • Fuel-fired heaters
  • Fireplaces
  • Gas dryers

Industrial Sources

  • Metal manufacturing
  • Electricity supply
  • Mining metal, ore, and coal
  • Food manufacturing
  • Extracting oil and gas from land or sea
  • Production of chemicals
  • Cement, lime, plaster 
  • Concrete manufacturing 
  •  Petroleum refining

Industrial Processes That Generate CO

  • Laser Cutting
  • Soldering 
  • Plasma Cutting
Infographic explaining carbon monoxide (CO) pollution, health impacts, safety limits, and industrial solutions.

Health Impacts of Carbon Monoxide(CO Pollution):

Carbon monoxide has Severe health impacts are on industrial workers and all people who are in constant contact with fossil fuel burning and processes that produce carbon monoxide, which are listed above. Some of the important health impacts are listed below:

Short-term:
 exposure from breathing carbon monoxide can cause:

  • Headache
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Blurred vision
  • Confusion
  • Dizziness
  • Chest pain
  • Weakness
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Damage to the heart and brain
  • Unconsciousness

Breathing in high amounts of carbon monoxide is life-threatening.

Long-term:
Exposure to high carbon monoxide levels can cause:

  • Miscarriage
  • Damage to a developing fetus
  • Seizures
  • Coma
  • Heart failure

Safety Limits for Carbon Monoxide (CO Pollution):

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) states that the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for carbon monoxide (CO) is 50 parts per million (ppm). This means that the average concentration of CO in the air over an 8-hour period should not exceed 50 ppm. The 8-hour PEL for CO in maritime operations is also 50 ppm.

You can read various safety limits for CO here.

In India, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has also set some norms about carbon monoxide exposure. These are as follows:

For industries, the 8-hour PEL of CPCB for industrial, residential, rural, and other areas is 02 mg/m3, and for 1 hour, PEL is 04 mg/m3. The 8-hour PEL of the conditional and sensitivity areas declared by the central government . is 02 mg/m3, and the 1-hour PEL is 04 mg/m3.

Solutions for Carbon Monoxide (CO Pollution) Exposure in Industries:

To limit the exposure of carbon monoxide (CO) in industries and mitigate the risks for industrial workers.

  • Measurement through CO sensors: Industries should monitor and measure carbon monoxide (CO) by using carbon monoxide monitoring sensors, through which they can monitor, control, and measure carbon monoxide exposure.
  • Using extraction solutions: Industries must use extraction solutions to control CO exposure in the industrial environment. Solutions such as Filter on Soldering Fumes Extraction Solutions, Filter on Laser Fumes Extraction Solutions, and Filter on Plasma Cutting Fumes Extraction Solutions are for controlling soldering fumes, laser cutting fumes, and plasma cutting fumes exposure, which also results in CO exposure.
  • Using ventilation solutions: Industries must use ventilation solutions such as LEV (local exhaust ventilation) for a clean air environment in the workplace. 
  • No Vehicle Use for Walking Distance:  Everyone should follow the no vehicle use policy for walking distance, which can reduce CO in the environment. Making such little effort can create a big impact on the environment in the long run, which is the best initiative for our long-term goal, “Mission Zero Pollution.” 
Visit  blogs to learn more about the critical features of clean air system design and air pollution control systems created by Filter On India.

Filter On India has been working towards “Mission Zero Pollution” for the last 40+ years as a clean air solutions partner for industries. We specialize and have expertise in welding fumes, oil mist, coolant mist, dust collection, soldering, laser marking, laser cutting, plasma cutting, fumes in fastener manufacturing, ball point tip manufacturing, oil quenching, kitchen fumes, etc. Filter On has 70+ clean air solutions, so you can contact us for more information about our solutions. You can reach us through the web or visit us at our corporate office at Pune, or mail us at : marketing@filter-on.com

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Clearing the Air: Understanding NO₂ Pollution, Health Risks, Safety Standards, and Industrial Solutions

NO₂ Pollution: Health Risks, Safety Standards & Industrial Solutions
NO₂ Pollution: Health Risks, Safety Standards & Industrial Solutions

Clearing the Air: Understanding NO₂ Pollution, Health Risks, Safety Standards, and Industrial Solutions

Air pollution is an important and serious issue, as the world is facing critical consequences due to its impact on people's health. Government . agencies took serious action against those who caused pollution. Nitrogen oxide is one of the primary air components in the air and, if inhaled, is dangerous to health. In this article, we will discuss nitrogen oxide (NO₂ )'s role as a pollutant, health effects due to NO₂ Pollution, safety limits, and industrial solutions and precautions amid its exposure.

What is nitrogen dioxide (NO₂ ) & NO₂ Pollution

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂ ) is a gaseous air component composed of nitrogen and oxygen. NO₂  is one of a group of related gasses called nitrogen oxides, or NOx. NO₂ is created when fossil fuels such as coal, oil, methane gas (natural gas), or diesel are burned at high temperatures.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) as a Pollutant:

Natural Sources of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂):

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) can be formed from both natural and human activity. Natural sources include:

  • lightning strikes
  • volcanoes
  • oceans
  • biological decay

Combustion creates oxides of nitrogen, a major portion of which is nitrogen dioxide. When vehicles emit oxides of nitrogen, 90 to 95 percent of the emissions are nitric oxide (NO).

However, nitric oxide quickly oxidizes in outdoor air when reacting with oxygen, ozone, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to form nitrogen dioxide. The oxidation process occurs indoors, but at a slower rate.

Man-Made Sources:

The main source of nitrogen dioxide resulting from human activities is the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gas, and oil), especially fuel used in cars.

Industrial sources that are responsible for nitrogen oxide (NO₂) are as follows:

Welding:

Nitrous gasses are often responsible for acute poisoning when welding. They occur during gas welding and arc welding processes.

Other than welding, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) can be found in the following processes:

  • Nitric acid manufacturing
  • Titanium pickling
  • Stainless steel pickling
  • Aluminum bright dip
  • Metal finishing
  • Precious metals refining
  • Chemical etching
  • Fertilizer production
  • Glass making
  • Industrial boilers
  • Aqueous chemical production 

Health Impacts of Nitrogen Dioxide(NO₂ Pollution):

Breathing air with a high concentration of NO₂ Pollution can irritate the airways in the human respiratory system. Such exposures over short periods can aggravate respiratory diseases, particularly asthma, leading to respiratory symptoms (such as coughing, wheezing, or difficulty breathing), hospital admissions, and visits to emergency rooms. Longer exposures to elevated concentrations of NO₂ Pollution may contribute to the development of asthma and potentially increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. People with asthma, as well as children and the elderly, are generally at greater risk for the health effects of NO₂ Pollution.

NO₂ , along with other NOx, reacts with other chemicals in the air to form both particulate matter and ozone. Both of these are also harmful when inhaled due to their effects on the respiratory system.

As per the 1998 National Research Council Committee on Toxicology study, which investigated incidents of accidental exposure to NO₂ Pollution, Workers in agriculture, mining explosions, space exploration, and military activities have been accidentally exposed to high concentrations of NO₂ Pollution, resulting in a wide range of severe medical ailments, including:

  • breathing difficulty
  • fever
  • bronchial pneumonia
  • acute bronchitis
  • death

In short, the health impact of nitrogen dioxide categories is:

Short-term:
Breathing nitrogen oxides can cause:

  • Irritation of the respiratory system, eyes, and skin
  • Aggravation of respiratory diseases, particularly asthma
  • Coughing and choking
  • Nausea
  • Headache
  • Abdominal pain
  • Difficulty breathing

Skin and eye contact with nitrogen oxide gases or liquid nitrogen dioxide can cause irritation and burns.

Long-term:
 Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide can cause:

Exposure to very high levels of nitrogen oxides may cause:

  • Death
  • Genetic mutations
  • Harm to a developing fetus
  • Decreased female fertility
  • Spasms
  • Swelling of the throat
  • Rapid pulse 
  • Dilated heart

Safety Limits for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂ Pollution):

In the industrial environment, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) has exposure limits set by OSHA that are as follows:.

Safety guidelines by OSHA for NO₂ Pollution

The EPA limit for Nitrogen Dioxide(NO₂) exposure is as follows:

The official level of the annual NO₂ standard is 0.053 ppm, equal to 53 ppb, which is shown here for the purpose of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard.

In India CPCB has set the norms for Nitrogen Dioxide(NO₂) exposure limits that are as follows:

NO₂ Pollution CPCB Standards
NO₂ Pollution Safety Precautions

How do I evaluate the exposure to nitrogen 

According to the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services fact sheet to evaluate exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), here are some answers to the following questions:

  • How hazardous is the substance?
  • How much of the substance is released into the workplace?
  • Whether harmful skin or eye contact could occur?

Safety Precautions for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) Exposure:

  1. Change the NO₂-exposed clothes immediately.
  2. Eye wash fountains are required at the workplace for emergency use.
  3. If skin exposure happens, then emergency shower facilities should be provided.
  4. In an emergency, if the exposure limit is 20 PPM or higher, then you must use strong self-breathing apparatus approved by NIOSH with a full face piece. 
Solutions for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂ Pollution) Exposure in Industries:

Nitrogen dioxide is harmful for industrial workers, especially welders, so industries need to take care and implement solutions to control exposure to nitrogen dioxide. The following solutions must be implemented:

Using extraction solutions:

Using extraction solutions like Filter on Welding Fumes Extraction Solutions will be very effective for reducing nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposure due to welding fumes. This reduces the concentration in the breathing zone of the welder effectively.

Using ventilation solutions:

Using ventilation solutions can reduce nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposure to some extent, so for the safety of welders, companies must take the necessary precautions for ventilation at the workplace. The ventilation facilities have to be arranged in such a way that the welders work in the supply air stream. Ventilation systems like local exhaust ventilation (LEV) are an effective solution in such scenarios. 

Using personal protective equipment:

If the room ventilation is not adequate in particularly confined spaces, then suitable breathing masks have to be worn. These should be independent from the atmosphere, such as, for example, fresh-air breathing apparatus. Welding helmets with a compressed air supply may also be necessary in confined spaces.

Other Solutions:

Companies should pay attention to certain procedural and workplace-specific factors to ensure that nitrous gasses are released in quantities that are as low as possible. These include, among others:

  • Always use smaller burner sizes and flame lengths.
  • Avoiding free-burning flames or
  • Always maintain a small distance between the burner and the workpiece.
  • Always use low-NOx burners in boilers.
  • Please set policies that reduce the use of diesel transportation.
  • Try to switch diesel fuel-burning vehicles to electric vehicles.
  • Encourage public transport, biking, and walking.
Visit  blogs to learn more about the critical features of clean air system design and air pollution control systems created by Filter On India.

Filter On India has been working towards “Mission Zero Pollution” for the last 40+ years as a clean air solutions partner for industries. We specialize and have expertise in welding fumes, oil mist, coolant mist, dust collection, soldering, laser marking, laser cutting, plasma cutting, fumes in fastener manufacturing, ball point tip manufacturing, oil quenching, kitchen fumes, etc. Filter On has 70+ clean air solutions, so you can contact us for more information about our solutions. You can reach us through the web or visit us at our corporate office at Pune, or mail us at : marketing@filter-on.com

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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Health, Safety & Solutions

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Health, Safety & Solutions
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Health, Safety & Solutions

Clearing the Air: Understanding Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) – Examining Pollution, Health Impacts, Safety Limits, and Industrial Solutions for Risk Mitigation

When we think about pollution, we have thoughts about its various sources and main pollutants, such as transportation, industrial pollution, CO2, SO2, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are small organic compounds that are present in the air and play a vital part in air pollution. We are here to discuss the VOC, its impact on health, safety limits, and solutions to restrict the risks associated with VOCs.

What are VOCs?

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of chemicals that highly vaporize into the air. Chemicals like benzene, ethylene glycol, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, xylene, and 1,3-butadiene. These VOCs are themselves harmful, and some of them combine and form other pollutants as well.

Common products where VOCs are mostly present:

  • Paints, paint strippers, and other solvents
  • Wood preservatives
  • Aerosol sprays
  • Cleansers and disinfectants
  • Moth repellents and air fresheners
  • Stored fuels and automotive products
  • Hobby supplies
  • Dry-cleaned clothing

VOCs as pollutants:

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of pollutants that are responsible for air pollution. Some of the sources of VOCs are as follows:

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Health, Safety & Solutions

Natural Sources-

Volatile organic compounds Natural sources are as follows:

  • Plants: Many plants release harmful chemicals, and some can even absorb them.
  • Forest fires: Natural forest fires are a source of VOCs.
  • Anaerobic moors: Anaerobic moors processes are a source of VOCs.
  • Cattle farms: Cow manure is a volatile source of methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
  • Anything burning: Anything that burns can be a source of VOCs.

Some of the other natural sources include volcanoes and fermentations.

Artificial Sources-

Artificial, man Made sources of VOCs include fuel production, distribution, and combustion, with the largest source being emissions from motor vehicles due to either evaporation or incomplete combustion of fuel and from biomass burning.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are industrial solvents, fuel oxygenates, and by-products from water treatment. They are often found in petroleum fuels, hydraulic fluids, paint thinners, and dry cleaning agents.

VOCs can come from industrial sources such as:

  • Burning fossil fuels
  • Power generation
  • Manufacturing chemicals
  • Crude oil processing
  • Some metal production processes

Other sources of VOCs include:

  • Gasoline, fuels, and solvents
  • Paints, stains, strippers, and finishes
  • Pesticides
  • Personal care products
  • Aerosol sprays
  • Cleaners and room deodorizers
  • New cabinets, furniture, and beds
  • New carpets, rugs, and wood floors

According to Energy Education, a major contributor to VOCs is the evaporation of hydrocarbon-rich liquids. These include:

  • Gasoline from car tanks or refueling stations
  • Industrial solvents such as oil-based paint
  • Barbecue starter fluid
  • Cleaning products

Health Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

The health effects of VOCs are as follows:

The health effects of VOCs on industrial workers and general people are categorized by short-term exposure and long-term exposure limits. Short-term exposure effects on health are immediate, and they have been for short periods of time, may be a few hours or a few days, whereas long-term health effects can be long-term exposure, may be a few years, to permanent effects on health. Both are categorized as under.

Short-term:
Short-term exposure to various VOCs may cause:

  • Irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract
  • Headaches
  • Dizziness
  • Visual disorders
  • Memory problems

Long-term:
Long-term exposure to various VOCs may cause:

  • Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat
  • Nausea
  • Fatigue
  • Loss of coordination
  • Dizziness
  • Damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system
  • Cancer

Industrial Safety Limits for VOCs

Safety Guidelines for Industries by CPCB With respect to VOC exposure

The industries can look more closely at the following aspects for the control of VOCs:

  • Closed handling system for chemicals.
  • Improved solvent recovery through the use of some special condensers and subcooling systems.
  • Mechanical seal for chemical handling pumps.
  • LDAR system – Venting of storages with trap receiver and condenser.
  • Training for the laborers and staff.
  • Proper system of loading and unloading of solvents.
  • Proper solvent recovery systems.
  • Work environment monitoring with respect to VOC has to be conducted and compared with the Factories Act’s occupational health standards.
  • All the emissions emitting sources are to be channeled through ducts to a common conduit, and after advanced condensers and/or scrubbing with relevant or proper scrubbing, the treated emissions are to be let into the air.

Solutions for VOC exposure in industrial environments:

Solutions for VOC exposure in industries are as follows:

Proper Ventilation Measures:

Proper ventilation measures, such as LEV (local exhaust ventilation), must be installed in high-exposure areas of industries for worker safety.

Use of Extraction Systems:

Using extraction systems like Filter On India’s Clean Air Solutions in welding fumes solutions, oil mist extraction and dust collection solutions like welding fumes extractors, oil mist collectors, dust collectors, downdraft tables, and ESP filtration systems with HEPA must be used to control VOC exposure in industrial environments.

Follow guidelines set by authorities.

With regards to worker safety, industries must follow guidelines set by different authorities, such as OSHA, EPA, and CPCB, to control VOC exposure in industries.

Industrial safety limits for VOCs are provided by OSHA,EPA, ACGIH, and in the Indian context, CPCB.

As per OSHA, ACGIH, and NIOSH, the permissible exposure limits for VOCs are as follows-

Exposure Limits
OSHA (PEL)for general industry: 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) TWA; Skin for the Construction Industry: 50 ppm (240 mg/m2) TWA; Skin for Maritime: 50 ppm (240 mg/m2) TWA; Skin
ACGIH (TLV)20 ppm; Appendix A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogens with Unknown Relevance to Humans
NIOSH (REL)5 ppm (24 mg/m2) TWA
NIOSH (IDHL)700 ppm

The OSHA standards for VOCs can be read here.

Another example of regulations relating to VOC safety includes the EPA’s regulation 40 CFR 59. This federal regulation, “National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Standards for Consumer and Commercial Products,” targets overseas manufacturers and importers of certain products and seeks to ensure that such parties remain in compliance with VOC emission standards.

In the Indian context, the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) has set the permissible exposure limits for pollutants, so for VOCs, its limits are as follows:

Moreover, there is no legislation for VOC in ambient air in India. As per the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of India, benzene is the only VOC whose standard has been prescribed as 5 μg/m3 since November 2009.

Visit  blogs to learn more about the critical features of clean air system design and air pollution control systems created by Filter On India.

Filter On India has been working towards “Mission Zero Pollution” for the last 40+ years as a clean air solutions partner for industries. We specialize and have expertise in welding fumes, oil mist, coolant mist, dust collection, soldering, laser marking, laser cutting, plasma cutting, fumes in fastener manufacturing, ball point tip manufacturing, oil quenching, kitchen fumes, etc. Filter On has 70+ clean air solutions, so you can contact us for more information about our solutions. You can reach us through the web or visit us at our corporate office at Pune, or mail us at : marketing@filter-on.com

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Understanding Sulphur Dioxide(SO2):Sources Of Pollution, Health Impact, Knowing Safety Limits and Solutions

Sulphur Dioxide(SO2) Blog Banner Image
Sulphur Dioxide(SO2) Blog Banner Image

Understanding Sulphur Dioxide(SO2):Sources Of Pollution, Health Impact, Knowing Safety Limits and Solutions.

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is one of the most significant primary air pollutants after carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. This harmful gas plays a major role in industrial air pollution and poses serious risks to workers’ health and workplace safety. In this article, we explore how SO2 becomes a threat in industrial environments, its health impact on workers, the safety limits required to control SO2 exposure, and the key government regulations designed to reduce the risks associated with Sulphur Dioxide in industries.

What is sulfur dioxide(SO2)?

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless, toxic gas with a strong, choking odor. It's a member of the sulfur oxide (SOX) family of chemicals, which are made up of sulfur and oxygen.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) as a Pollutant

Sulfur dioxide has various sources of pollution; some of the sources are as follows:

Natural Sources

Sulfur dioxide is naturally generated through

Volcanic Eruptions

Artificial Sources

There are two types of artificial sources of SO2.

  • Industrial Sources
  • Other Sources

In industries, SO2 is generated through petroleum refineries, cement manufacturing, paper pulp manufacturing, and metal smelting and processing facilities.

Other sources of SO2 include locomotives, large ships, and some non-road diesel equipment that currently burns high-sulfur fuel and releases sulfur dioxide into the air.

Burning fossil fuels (coal and oil) for domestic heating is also a source of SO2

Highest Concentration Of SO2 In The World –

In the world scenario the highest concentration of SO2 is from our country India, then on the second spot is Russia and Third is China.:

India as the largest emitter of SO2 in the world, contributing more than 21% of global emissions mainly coming from coal-based electricity generation.

Sulphur dioxide(SO2) sources and health impact

How are you exposed to Sulphur dioxide(SO2)?

You can be exposed to Sulphur dioxide(SO2) by breathing it in the air or getting it on your skin. People who live near industrial sources of sulfur dioxide may be exposed to it in the air. You are most likely to be exposed if you work in industries where SO2 is produced, such as copper smelting or power plants, or where it is used in the production of sulfuric acid, paper, food preservatives, or fertilizers. People with malfunctioning appliances or chimneys in their homes may also be exposed to sulfur dioxide.

Most SO2 exposures are caused by people breathing contaminated outdoor air.

SO2 Impact on Health:

The impact of SO2 on health consists of short-term and long-term impacts.

Short-Term Impact of SO2 on Health:
Exposure from breathing sulfur dioxide can cause:

  • Burning of the nose, throat, and lungs
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Loss of smell
  • Headaches and dizziness
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Harm to the respiratory system: As an irritant, sulfur dioxide can affect lung function and cause and worsen respiratory diseases in humans and animals.

Exposure to very high levels of sulfur dioxide can be life-threatening.

Touching liquid sulfur dioxide can cause:

  • Frostbite
  • Irritation of the eyes:

Long-Term Impact of SO2 on Health:
Long-term exposure to sulfur dioxide can cause:

  • Changes in lung function

SO2 emissions that lead to high concentrations of SO2 in the air generally also lead to the formation of other sulfur oxides (SOx). SOx can react with other compounds in the atmosphere to form small particles. These particles contribute to particulate matter (PM) pollution. Small particles may penetrate deeply into the lungs, and in sufficient quantity, they can contribute to health problems.

  • Bronchitis and shortness of breath

People with asthma may be sensitive to changes in respiratory effects due to SO2 exposure at even low concentrations. Sulfur dioxide is not classified as a human carcinogen (it has not been shown to cause cancer in humans).

  • Decreased fertility in women and men:

 Continuous inhalation of SO2 affects fertility rates in women and men.

Solutions for SO2 Exposure at Industries

Safety measures taken by industries Include the following:

Use ventilation systems.

Use of ventilation systems like LEV (local exhaust ventilation) can reduce the exposure to SO2 to some extent, which leads to an increase in air flow capacity in the work environment, which is very important for workers health.

Use of Extraction Systems:

Using extraction systems for air pollution control is the best solution to protect workers from high exposure to SO2-like pollutants, such as  Filter On  welding fume extraction systems, oil mist collectors, and dust collection systems will be very beneficial for industries to reduce the risk of SO2-like pollutants on workers health.

Use the government guidelines.

Using and following the government guidelines from time to time will surely reduce the exposure of SO2 in industries, and it will have a positive impact on society.

Here are some safety precautions for SO2 exposure, including:

  • Using personal protective equipment as required
  • Increasing ventilation in the area or moving a leaking container to a well-ventilated and secure area
  • Stopping or reducing the leak if it is safe to do so
  • Knocking down gas with fog or a fine water spray

Safety limits for SO2 exposure.

As per OSHA, the permissible safety limits for SO2 exposure are as follows:

SO2 OSHA Limits

In India, as per CPCB-Central Pollution Control Board Of Regulation the SO2 Exposure limits are as follows-

CPCB SO2 Exposure Limits

Visit  blogs to learn more about the critical features of clean air system design and air pollution control systems created by Filter On India.

Filter On India has been working towards “Mission Zero Pollution” for the last 40+ years as a clean air solutions partner for industries. We specialize and have expertise in welding fumes, oil mist, coolant mist, dust collection, soldering, laser marking, laser cutting, plasma cutting, fumes in fastener manufacturing, ball point tip manufacturing, oil quenching, kitchen fumes, etc. Filter On has 70+ clean air solutions, so you can contact us for more information about our solutions. You can reach us through the web or visit us at our corporate office at Pune, or mail us at : marketing@filter-on.com

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Formaldehyde (HCHO or CH2O): Unraveling the Impact on Pollution, Health, Safety Limits, and Solutions

Formaldehyde Exposure: Health Impact, Limits & Solutions Blog Banner

Formaldehyde (HCHO or CH2O): Unraveling the Impact on Pollution, Health, Safety Limits, and Solutions

In today's fast-paced world, air pollution is a major problem. Various pollutants are responsible for polluting the air; formaldehyde, i.e., CH20, is among them. So here in this article, we will focus on formaldehyde-CH20 as a pollutant, its exposure i.e. formaldehyde exposure, their health effects, safety limits, and effective solutions, all with respect to industrial air quality improvement.

What is formaldehyde-CH20?

Formaldehyde Exposure Explained

Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring organic compound with the molecular formula HCHO or CH2O or in common names methanal. It is made up of two hydrogen molecules, a single carbon molecule, and a single oxygen molecule.

Uses of formaldehyde:

Formaldehyde is used mainly to produce resins used in particleboard products and as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals. Formaldehyde is used in many industries, such as glues and resins, dyes, textiles, disinfectants, building materials, automobile parts, embalming, and laboratories.

Sources of formaldehyde exposure:

According to inchem.org, here are the sources of formaldehyde:

Natural sources

Formaldehyde occurs naturally in the environment and is the product of many natural processes. It is released during biomass combustion, such as in forest and brush fires (Howard, 1989; Reinhardt, 1991). In water, it is also formed by the irradiation of humic substances by sunlight (Kieber et al., 1990).

As a metabolic intermediate, formaldehyde is present at low levels in most living organisms. It is emitted by bacteria, algae, plankton, and vegetation.

Anthropogenic sources

Anthropogenic sources of formaldehyde include direct sources such as fuel combustion, industrial on-site uses, and off-gassing from building materials and consumer products.

Industrial releases of formaldehyde can occur at any stage during the production, use, storage, transport, or disposal of products with residual formaldehyde. Formaldehyde has been detected in emissions from chemical manufacturing plants. Formaldehyde has been detected in the off-gassing of formaldehyde products such as wood panels, latex paints, new carpets, textile products, and resins. While emission rates have been estimated for some of these sources, there is insufficient data to estimate total releases. In some countries, there have been regulatory and voluntary initiatives to control emissions from building materials and furnishings, since these are recognized as the major sources of elevated concentrations of formaldehyde in indoor air.

How are people exposed to formaldehyde?

People are exposed primarily by inhaling formaldehyde gas or vapor from the air or by absorbing liquids containing formaldehyde through the skin. Workers who produce formaldehyde or products that contain formaldehyde—as well as laboratory technicians, certain health care professionals, and mortuary employees—may be exposed to higher levels of formaldehyde than people in the general population.

The general public may be exposed to formaldehyde by breathing contaminated air from sources such as pressed-wood products, tobacco smoke, and automobile tailpipe emissions. Another potential source of exposure to formaldehyde is the use of unvented fuel-burning appliances, such as gas stoves, wood-burning stoves, and kerosene heaters.

Some examples of workers at risk of being exposed to formaldehyde include the following:

  • Agricultural workers who work in confinement livestock production
  • Construction workers who work with resin-manufactured products
  • Workers who manufacture plastics, resins, and foam insulation
  • Morticians in the embalming process
  • Beauticians who apply dyes and smoothing products

Health Impacts of Formaldehyde Exposure on Workers:

Formaldehyde Exposure Health Impacts on workers

There are various health concerns for workers due to formaldehyde inhalation.

As per EPA documentation, the following health impacts have been found due to exposure to formaldehyde:

Acute Effects:

The major toxic effects caused by acute formaldehyde exposure via inhalation are eye, nose, and throat irritation and effects on the nasal cavity. Other effects seen from exposure to high levels of formaldehyde in humans are coughing, wheezing, chest pains, and bronchitis. Ingestion exposure to formaldehyde in humans has resulted in corrosion of the gastrointestinal tract, inflammation, and ulceration of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach.

Chronic Effects (Noncancer):

Chronic exposure to formaldehyde by inhalation in humans has been associated with respiratory symptoms and eye, nose, and throat irritation.

Repeated contact with liquid solutions of formaldehyde has resulted in skin irritation and allergic contact dermatitis in humans.

Reproductive/Developmental Effects:

An increased incidence of menstrual disorders was observed in female workers using urea-formaldehyde resins. However, possible confounding factors were not evaluated in this study. (1,2) A study of hospital equipment sterilization workers did not report an association between formaldehyde exposure and increased spontaneous abortions.

Developmental effects, such as birth defects, have not been observed in animal studies with formaldehyde.

Cancer Risk:

Occupational studies have noted statistically significant associations between exposure to formaldehyde and an increased incidence of lung and nasopharyngeal cancer. This evidence is considered “limited” rather than “sufficient” due to possible exposure to other agents that may have contributed to the excess cancer.

In short, formaldehyde is responsible for the following health effects on workers (Categorization of Health Effects):

Short-term:
Exposure to breathing formaldehyde can cause:

  • Irritation of the nose, eyes, and throat
  • Neurological effects
  • Headache
  • Nausea
  • Increased risk of asthma and allergies

Skin contact with formaldehyde can cause:

  • Skin irritation and eczema

Swallowing formaldehyde can cause:

  • Gastrointestinal irritation

Long-term:

Long-term exposure to formaldehyde can cause:

    • Cancer
    • Bronchitis
    • Shortness of breath
Safety Limits and Precautions for Formaldehyde Exposure:
As per OSHA Standards, here are the precautions and safety measures that should be taken by the employer to control exposure to formaldehyde:
  • Airborne concentrations of formaldehyde above 0.1 ppm can cause irritation of the respiratory tract. The severity of irritation intensifies as concentrations increase. Provisions of the OSHA standard require employers to do the following: • Identify all workers who may be exposed to formaldehyde at or above the action level or STEL through initial monitoring and determine their exposure.
  • Reassign workers who suffer significant adverse effects from formaldehyde exposure to jobs with significantly less or no exposure until their condition improves. Reassignment may continue for up to 6 months until the worker is determined to be able to return to the original job or to be unable to return to work, whichever comes first.
  • Implement feasible engineering and work practice controls to reduce and maintain worker exposure to formaldehyde at or below the 8-hour TWA and the STEL. If these controls cannot reduce exposure to or below the PELs, employers must provide workers with respirators.
  • Label all mixtures or solutions composed of more than 0.1 percent formaldehyde and materials capable of releasing formaldehyde into the air at concentrations reaching or exceeding 0.1 ppm. For all materials capable of releasing formaldehyde at levels above 0.5 ppm during normal use, the label must contain the words “potential cancer hazard.”
  • Train all workers exposed to formaldehyde concentrations of 0.1 ppm or greater at the time of the initial job assignment and whenever a new exposure to formaldehyde is introduced into the work area. Repeat training annually.
  • Select, provide, and maintain appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). Ensure that workers use PPE such as impervious clothing gloves, aprons, and chemical splash goggles to prevent skin and eye contact with formaldehyde.
  • Provide showers and eyewash stations if splashing is likely.
  • Provide medical surveillance for all workers exposed to formaldehyde at concentrations at or above the action level or exceeding the STEL, for those who develop signs and symptoms of overexposure, and for all workers exposed to formaldehyde in emergencies.
Recordkeeping Requirements
  • Employers are required to do the following regarding worker exposure records:
  • Retain exposure records for 30 years. 
  • Retain medical records for 30 years after employment ends.
  • Allow access to medical and exposure records for current and former workers or their designated representatives upon request.
Solutions to Formaldehyde Exposure:

Here are some solutions for controlling the exposure to formaldehyde.

  • Use ventilation systems: In industries where formaldehyde exposure is greater, using ventilation measures to control formaldehyde exposure is a must. Using ventilation systems like Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) can reduce exposure to formaldehyde very well.
  • Follow government guidelines:  Following government guidelines is the best way to protect workers and the industrial environment from heavy penalties. Time-to-time checking of harmful pollutants by tests like Filter On India’s Air Quality Mapping Test Service can show you the exact exposure of formaldehyde and other pollutants and exposure levels.
  • Use of Air Pollution Control Systems: Using air pollution control systems like welding fume extractors, oil mist collectors, and dust collection solutions from Filter On India can reduce exposure to various pollutants, such as formaldehyde, to a great extent.
Visit  blogs to learn more about the critical features of clean air system design and air pollution control systems created by Filter On India.

Filter On India has been working towards “Mission Zero Pollution” for the last 40+ years as a clean air solutions partner for industries. We specialize and have expertise in welding fumes, oil mist, coolant mist, dust collection, soldering, laser marking, laser cutting, plasma cutting, fumes in fastener manufacturing, ball point tip manufacturing, oil quenching, kitchen fumes, etc. Filter On has 70+ clean air solutions, so you can contact us for more information about our solutions. You can reach us through the web or visit us at our corporate office at Pune, or mail us at : marketing@filter-on.com

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